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Op. Cit.
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Historical SummaryIn human beings and animals there are different psychological and physiological components of behavior and the definitions and reactions are on different levels of consciousness. There are unlearned or reflex, and trains of reflex reactions, automatic reactions (which were once learned, but the memory of the learning has lapsed), and involuntary reactions to pleasurable and displeasurable stimuli which may be called visceral or physiological behavior, and which are also unlearned. In rational or calculated behavior all these components participate with the cerebral activities and it is impossible to disentangle them. In the types of behavior especially prominent in subhuman life the definitions of situations are implicit in the nature of the organism. In the so-called instinctive behavior of animals the activity is not learned by postnatal experience but performed spontaneously in given situations through an organic mechanism of adaptation developed uniformly in the species. This type of behavior has been defined by Wheeler as
CHAPTER III
Habit Systems
activity manifested by an organism which is acting: first, as a whole rather than as a part; second, as a representative of a species rather than as an individual; third, without previous experience; and fourth, with an end or purpose of which it has no knowledge.1
While there are, in fact, no "instincts" in the sense of specific internal "entities" or prompters of the release of specific forms of activity, the unlearned behavior reactions may be referred to as "instinctive" or "instinctual."
1Wheeler, W.M.n/an/an/an/a, Ants, 518.
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Chicago:
"Op. Cit.," Op. Cit. in Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, ed. Thomas, William I. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937), Original Sources, accessed July 9, 2025, http://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=2IT95GECIQWERL5.
MLA:
. "Op. Cit." Op. Cit., in Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, edited by Thomas, William I., New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937, Original Sources. 9 Jul. 2025. http://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=2IT95GECIQWERL5.
Harvard:
, 'Op. Cit.' in Op. Cit.. cited in 1937, Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, ed. , McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. Original Sources, retrieved 9 July 2025, from http://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=2IT95GECIQWERL5.
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