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Congrès International Des Américanistes, Quinzième Session
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Historical SummaryNo fear is expressed in this address but it exists and is implied. The desire to help him on his way is shown in the advice not to linger and a dog is killed to guide him. A positive fear is, however, pointed out by Jones and explained:
It often happens that a person makes the dying request to be buried with a knife or a tomahawk. The request is made for a reason. It is believed that the path to the spirit world leads past a place where dwells an old woman, Cracker-of-Skulls by name; that she sits by the wayside watching for ghosts journeying westward; that she seizes them but detains them only for a while, just long enough for her to crack open the top of their skulls and dig out a fingerful of brain from each. The knife and tomahawk are asked for that they may be means of defense against the old hag. It is seldom, however, that the request is granted, and the refusal likewise has for its basis a belief, which is to the effect that spirits of the dead can be present among us at all times and that they see and know all that we do; that sometimes by some act of ours whether intentional or not we commit infractions which bring down upon us the anger of the spirits, thus rendering ourselves liable to chastisement by them; and that when they inflict punishment it is likely to be with the very weapon placed with the body at burial. Hence, relatives are reluctant to have weapons like knives and tomahawks placed with the dead.2
2Jones, W.n/an/an/an/an/a, "Mortuary Observances and the Adoption Rites of the Algonkin Foxes of Iowa," , 265–266.
Chicago:
Congrès International Des Américanistes, Quinzième Session in Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, ed. Thomas, William I. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937), Original Sources, accessed August 29, 2025, http://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=39MP43E9B3F9XKI.
MLA:
. Congrès International Des Américanistes, Quinzième Session, in Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, edited by Thomas, William I., New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937, Original Sources. 29 Aug. 2025. http://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=39MP43E9B3F9XKI.
Harvard:
, Congrès International Des Américanistes, Quinzième Session. cited in 1937, Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, ed. , McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. Original Sources, retrieved 29 August 2025, from http://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=39MP43E9B3F9XKI.
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