Chapter IX.

Name: Complete Works of Plutarch— Volume 3: Essays and Miscellanies - Chapter IX.
Author: Plutarch

OF THAT THING WHICH IS BEYOND THE WORLD, AND WHETHER IT BE A VACUUM OR NOT.

Pythagoras and his followers say that beyond the world there is a vacuum, into which and out of which the world hath its respiration. The Stoics, that there is a vacuum into which infinite space by a conflagration shall be dissolved. Posidonius, not an infinite vacuum, but as much as suffices for the dissolution of the world; and this he asserts in his first book concerning the Vacuum. Aristotle affirms, that a vacuum does not exist. Plato concludes that neither within nor without the world there is any vacuum.

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Chicago: Plutarch, "Chapter IX.," Complete Works of Plutarch— Volume 3: Essays and Miscellanies, ed. Firth, John B. and trans. Jowett, Benjamin, 1817-1893 in Complete Works of Plutarch—Volume 3: Essays and Miscellanies Original Sources, accessed November 4, 2025, http://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=CQVIG6AJQC1XF4V.

MLA: Plutarch. "Chapter IX." Complete Works of Plutarch— Volume 3: Essays and Miscellanies, edited by Firth, John B., and translated by Jowett, Benjamin, 1817-1893, in Complete Works of Plutarch—Volume 3: Essays and Miscellanies, Original Sources. 4 Nov. 2025. http://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=CQVIG6AJQC1XF4V.

Harvard: Plutarch, 'Chapter IX.' in Complete Works of Plutarch— Volume 3: Essays and Miscellanies, ed. and trans. . cited in , Complete Works of Plutarch—Volume 3: Essays and Miscellanies. Original Sources, retrieved 4 November 2025, from http://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=CQVIG6AJQC1XF4V.