Religion

Chapter XXIX Since the Civil War

Bibliography

For the reunion of the Episcopalian forces immediately after the War, documentary material is found in the "Journals of the Proceedings" of the various State and General Conventions. The story is told by standard writers, such as Perry, McConnell, and Tiffany (see p. 7).

For the unsuccessful attempt on the part of the Southern and Old School Presbyterians to unite, source material is available in the "Minutes of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States"; "The Distinctive Principles of the Presbyterian Church in the United States as set forth in its Formal Declarations and illustrated by extracts from the minutes of its General Assembly"; "Minutes of the General Assembly, Old School" (1861 f.), and the "Minutes of General Assembly, New School" (1855 f.). The "History of the Southern Presbyterian Church" by Thomas C. Johnson, D.D. ("Amer. Ch. Hist. Ser." Vol. XI, 1900) presents the situation with a strong Southern bias.

In connection with the reunion of the Old and New School Presbyterians the literature is more extensive. The documentary material is found in the "Minutes" of the several Assemblies of the two bodies: "The Presbyterian Union Convention, held in Philadelphia November 6, 1867; Minutes and Phonographic Report" (1868); "Proceedings of Presbyterian Reunion at Pittsburgh, November 12, 1869" (1869); and "Presbyterian Reunion; A Memorial Volume, 1837–1871" (1871). Historical works are as follows: "The General Assembly of 1866" (1867) by H. A. Boardman; "Reunion of the Old and New School Presbyterian Churches" (1867) by Charles Hodge; "Reunion of the Presbyterian Churches" (1867) by Henry B. Smith; "A History of the New School, and of the Questions Involved in the Disruption of the Presbyterian Church in 1838" (1868) by S. J. Baird (valuable.—See below). The following contributions appear in the religious periodicals: "The Presbyterian General Assemblies" ("Amer. Theol. Rev." July, 1862); "Principles of Church Union; and the Reunion of Old and New School Presbyterians" ("Bibl. Rep. and Princ. Rev.," April, 1865); "Presbyterian Reunion" ("Amer. Pres. and Theol. Rev.," Oct. 1868); "Presbyterian Union Convention" ("Merc’burg Rev.," Jan. 1868); "Historical Sketch of the Reunion" ("Amer. Pres. Rev." July, 1869); "Proceedings of the Late Assemblies on Reunion," also "Exposition and Defence of the Basis of Reunion," and "The New Basis of Union" ("Princ. Rev." July, 1869); "Presbyterian Division and Reunion," also "The Philadelphia Presbyterian Union Convention" ("Amer. Pres. and Theol. Rev." Jan. 1868); "Presbyterian Reunion" ("Bibl. Rep. and Princ. Rev.," Jan. 1868); "Doctor Baird’s History of the New School" ("Amer. Pres. Rev.," Jan. 1869); "The Presbyterian Disruption of 1838—A Review of Dr. S. J. Baird’s History of the New School" ("New Englander" Jan. 1869); "Baird’s History of the New School" ("Princ. Rev.," Jan. 1869); "Smaller Bodies of American Presbyterians" (ibid., Oct. 1869).

In the literature that follows, it will become clear why it was that the Methodists of the South and North were unable to unite: "Methodism and the War" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." July, 1863); "Methodist Churches North and South" (ibid. Oct. 1865, excellent); "The Two Methodisms, North and South" (ibid. April, 1866); "The Second General Conference" (ibid. July 1866); "The New York East Conference, and the Southern General Conference" (ibid. July 1866, good); "Our Present and Past Relations to Slavery" (ibid. April 1868, historically valuable); "The Episcopal Correspondence on Church Reunion" (ibid. July 1869, good); "Did the ’Church South’ Secede?" (ibid. April, 1870); "The Present Crisis" ("South. Rev." Jan. 1873); "The Methodist Episcopal Church in the Southern States" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." Jan. 1872); "Our Work at the South" (ibid. Jan. 1874); "Educational Work of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the South" (ibid. May, 1886); "The Methodist Episcopal Church in the South" (ibid. March, 1888); "The Two Methodisms" (ibid. Sept. 1888); "The Methodist Episcopal Church in the South" (ibid. Jan. 1890, significant); "The Methodist Episcopal Church in the South" (ibid. May, 1896); "Preparatory Education from the Southern Standpoint" ("Quar. Rev. M. E. Church South" July, 1891, significant for the union of recent date).

"An Appeal to Facts. A Reply to Dr. Godbey’s Defense of Southern Methodism" (1890) by B. Fry, D.D. should be read along with "The Organic Union of American Methodism" (1892) by Bishop Merrill.

For the documents bearing upon the breakdown of the negotiations looking toward union, in addition to the "Minutes of the Conferences," the student will find everything he needs in "Formal Fraternity. Proceedings of the General Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church and of the Methodist Episcopal Church South in 1872, 1874, and 1876, and of the Joint Commission of the two Churches on Fraternal Relations at Cape May, New Jersey, August 16–23, 1876" (1877).

The recent attempts of the Methodists of the North and South to get together are set forth in the Reports of the Committee of Fraternity embodied in the "Journals"; "American Methodism—Its Divisions and Unification" (1915) by Bishop T. B. Neely; "A Working Conference on the Union of American Methodism" (report of meeting, Feb. 15–17, 1916 at Harris Hall, Evanston, Illinois); the "Proceedings of the Joint Commission on Unification . . . held at Baltimore Dec. 28, 1916, to Jan. 2, 1917"; and "Proceedings" of the meeting held at Savannah, Georgia, Jan. 23, 1918.

In connection with lay representation, adopted in 1872, the following is the representative literature: "Analysis of the Principles of Church Government; Particularly that of the Methodist Episcopal Church" (1852) by Rev. M. M. Hinkle; "Lay Representation in the General Court of the Church proven to be Unscriptural, Unreasonable, and Contrary to Sound Policy" (1863) by William Barnes; "Lay Representation in the Methodist Episcopal Church, Its Justice and Expediency" (1864) by Gilbert Haven; "Lay Delegation in the Methodist Episcopal Church Calmly Considered. Its Injustice and Impracticability" (a pamphlet 1867) by James Porter, D.D.

From the literature that follows, the student may see what issues have exercised the Methodists during the last forty years: "Proposed New Articles of Religion" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." April, 1872); "The Presiding Eldership" (ibid. Jan. 1875); "Should Presiding Elders be Elected?" (ibid. April, 1876, see also April and October 1879); "Ecumenical Methodism" (ibid. Oct. 1880); "The Methodist Ecumenical Conference" (ibid. Jan. 1882); "An Inside View of the Great Methodist Ecumenical Conference of 1881" ("Amer. Meth. Epis. Ch. Rev." July 1884); "The Itinerant Ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." Jan. and April, 1880); "Our Methodist Local Preachers" (ibid. April, 1882); "The Solidarity of Methodism" (ibid. Oct. 1883,—contains important data respecting pastorless churches of all denominations, and discusses the superiority of itinerancy); "The Removal of the Time Limit" (ibid. May, 1894); "The Time Restriction in the Methodist Itinerancy" (ibid. March, 1888); "Principles of Church Government, with Special Application to a Polity of Episcopal Methodism and a Plan for the Reorganization of the General Conference into Two Distinct, Separate and Concurrent Houses" (1888) by Wm. H. Perrine, D.D. . . ."; "The Two House Plan" ("Meth. Rev." March, 1891—contains documents); "The Ground of Woman’s Eligibility" (ibid. May, 1891); "The Eligibility of Women not a Scriptural Question" (ibid. March, 1891); "The Real, Judicial Declaration of 1888" (ibid. Jan. 1896); "That Pseudo-Judicial Declaration of 1888 . . ." (ibid. Jan. 1896); "The Life Tenure of the Methodist Episcopacy" (ibid. Jan. 1892); "Methodist Episcopacy in Transition ’ (ibid. Sept. 1895); "The Inadvisability of Districting Bishops" (ibid. March, 1896).

For Methodism of the last forty years a good interpretation from the southern standpoint is given by Bishop Du Bose in "A History of Methodism" (1916). "The Bishops and the Supervisional System of the Methodist Episcopal Church" (1912) by Bishop Neely elaborately discusses a living issue.

The spiritual and intellectual interests of the negro have been a subject of great concern to the churches during the period under consideration. The best documentary material on this subject are the annual reports of the Freedmen’s Societies. There is also valuable material in the reports of the missionary societies of the various churches. "Negro Education, A Study of the Private and Higher Schools for Colored People in the United States" (II Vols. 1917 Bulletin 1916, No. 33. Department of the Interior) is encyclopaedic in its range of information. "Documentary History of Reconstruction" (Vol. II, 1907) by W. L. Fleming has some readings. In addition the following will be found useful: "The Future of the Colored Race in America" ("Pres. Rev." July, 1862); "The Negro Problem Solved; Africa as She Was, and Is and Shall Be" by Hollis Reid (1864—advocates voluntary colonization); "Relations of the Colored People to the Methodist Episcopal Church South" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." July, 1866—good); "The Africo-American" (ibid. April 1868—very informing); "The Religious Future of the Negro" ("Church Quar." April, 1874); "The Freedmen" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." July, 1877—especially valuable for bibliography and historical data); "Education Among the Freedmen" (ibid. Jan. 1878); "Our Southern Field" (ibid. April, 1878—good); "Religious Education of the Colored People of the South" ("New Englander" Sept. 1878); "The Education of Freedmen" ("N. Amer. Rev." June and July, 1879), by Harriet Beecher Stowe; "Southern Methodism and Colored Missions" ("Quar. Rev. M. E. Church South" Oct. 1880); "Education in the South" ("Luth. Quar." April, 1882); "The African in the United States" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." April, 1883—suggests colonization as solution); "Educational Problems in the South" ("Quar. Rev. M. E. Church South" Oct. 1883); "Educational Work in the South" (1883) by Rev. R. S. Rust, D.D.; "The Problem of our African Population" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." Jan. 1884); "The Race Problem in the South" ("Quar. Rev. M. E. Church South" April, 1889); "The Southern Church and the Negro" ("Cumb. Pres. Rev." April, 1889); "Notes on the Progress of the Coloured People in Maryland since the War" by J. R. Brackett, Ph.D. ("J.H.U. Studies," Ser. VIII); "The Colored Man in the Methodist Episcopal Church" by Rev. L. M. Hagood, M.D. (1890—some valuable documents); "Problem of Education in the Southern States" ("Meth. Rev." Jan. 1892—much valuable data); "Our Church in her Relation to the Negro" ("Meth. Rev." Sept. 1894—very informing); "Reminiscences of Thirty-Years Labor in the South" (1895) by C. H. Corey; "Apology for the Higher Education of the Negro" (ibid. Sept. 1897). "Tuskegee, Its Story and its Work" (1900) by M. B. Thrasher; "From Servitude to Service" (1905—gives lectures on the history and work at Howard, Berea, Tuskegee, Hampton, Atlanta and Fish); "Tuskegee. Its People: Their Ideals and Achievements" (1905) by B. T. Washington. See also Papers and Discussions in "Proc. Baptist Congress" years 1890 and 1902; and more notably the "Publications of Atlanta University."

It is during the last fifty years that the American churches have been aroused to the relation of the Gospel to social ills. In this connection the following articles and monographs will prove illuminating: "The Prison Association of New York" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." Jan. 1864); "Prisons and Reformatories" ("Bib. Rep. and Princ. Rev." Jan. 1868); "The Reformation of Criminals" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." July, 1868); "Prevention and Reform of Juvenile Crime" (ibid. Oct. 1872—gives beginnings of this work); "The Dangerous Classes and their Treatment" (ibid. July, 1873); "The Relation of the Church to Crime" ("Christian Quar." July, 1873); "Social Reform and the Church" ("Univ. Quar." April, 1879); "Relations of Politics and Christianity" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." July, 1879); "Christianity and Wages" ("New Englander," July, 1882); "Christianity and Social Science" ("Jour. Christian Phil." Jan. 1883); "The Church Lyceum, Its Organization and Management" (1883) by Rev. T. B. Neely—(see also editorial review in "Meth. Quar. Rev." Oct. 1883); "The Labor Question" ("Church Rev." July, 1886); "The Clergy and the Labor Question" ("New Princ. Rev." July, 1886); "Christ and the Labor Movement" ("Quar. Rev. Evang. Luth. Ch." July, 1890); "The Church in Modern Society" (1890) by Julius H. Ward; "Synods and Senates" ("Quar. Rev. M. E. Church South" Jan. 1891—discusses the duty of the church in denouncing bad legislation, corrupt elections, etc.); "Sociological Christianity a Necessity" ("Meth. Rev." May, 1891); "Regeneration as a Force in Reform Movements" (ibid. Nov. 1891, and Nov. 1892—significant); "Church’s Tribute to Vice" ("Quar. Rev. U. B. in Christ" Oct. 1891—pleads for Christian principles in the political arena); "Socialism and Christianity and Social Reforms" ("Pres. and Ref. Rev." Jan. 1892); "The Study of Social Science in Theological Seminaries" ("Christian Thought" April, 1892); "Applications of our National Principles" ("Bapt. Quar. Rev." Oct. 1892); "The Ethical Aim of Christianity" ("Luth. Quar." Oct. 1892—notable); "The New Era, or the Coming Kingdom" (1893) by Rev. Josiah Strong; "Civic Christianity" ("Luth. Quar." Jan. 1893); "Improved Homes for Wage Earners" ("Bibl. Sacra" July, 1897); "What are the Functions of the Church?" ("Meth. Rev." July, 1893—a plea for the institutional church); "The Social Teaching of Jesus" (1897) by Shailer Mathews; "Christianity and the Social State" (1898) by G. C. Lorimer; "The Place of the Pulpit in Modern Life and Thought" ("Bibl. Sacra" July, 1898); "The Value of the Study of Political Economy to the Christian Minister" ("Meth. Rev." Sept. 1898); "The Christian Conception of Wealth" ("Bibl. Sacra" April, 1899); "Religious Movements for Social Betterment" (1900) by Josiah Strong; "Jesus Christ and the Social Question" (1900) by Francis G. Peabody; "Laboratory and Pulpit, The Relation of Biology to the Preacher and His Message" (1901) by William L. Poteat; "The Duty of the Church in Relation to the Labor Movement" ("Amer. Jour. Theol." Oct. 1901); "The Church and Popular Education" by H. B. Adams, ("J. H. U. Studies" ser. XVIII); "The Church and Society, A New Alignment for a New Ideal" ("Meth. Rev." Jan. 1901); "Democracy and Social Ethics" (1902) by Jane Adams; "Social Salvation" by Washington Gladden, (1902, Beecher Lectures, Yale University); "Christianity and Socialism" (1904) by Washington Gladden; "The Social Message of the Modern Pulpit" (1906, Yale Lectures,) by Charles R. Brown; "Christianity and the Social Crisis" (1907) by Walter Rauschenbusch; "Social Aspects of Religious Institutions" (1908) by Edwin L. Earp; "Jesus Christ and the Civilization of Today" (1908) by Joseph Alexander Leighton; "The Church and the Changing Order" (1908) by Shailer Mathews; "The Christian Ministry and the Social Order" (1908, Yale Lectures) edited by C. S. MacFarland; "The Approach to the Social Question" (1909) by F. G. Peabody; "Social Ministry. An Introduction to the Study and Practice of Social Service. Edited for the Methodist Federation for Social Service" (1910) by H. F. Ward; "Christianity and Social Questions" (1911) by W. Cunningham; "Socialism from the Christian Standpoint" (1912) by Father Bernard Vaughan, S.J.; "Spiritual Culture and Social Service" (1912) by C. S. MacFarland; "Christianizing the Social Order" (1912) by Walter Rauschenbusch; "Social Creed of the Churches" (1912) edited by H. F. Ward; "The Church and Social Reforms" (1913) by James R. Howerton; "Christianity and Politics" by Wm. Cunningham (1914, Lowell Lectures); "The Function of the Church in Modern Society" ("Amer. Jour. Theol." Jan. 1914); "Social Evangelism" (1915) by H. F. Ward. Important papers and discussions appear in "Proc. Baptist Congress" Years 1883, 1892, 1899, 1906, 1907 and 1909; and "Minutes of the National Council of the Congregational Churches" for meetings 1905 and since.

With this awakened social interest, the church has been stimulated to a deepening concern for temperance reform, the literature of which is as follows: "The Temperance Reform" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." July, 1873—good for historical data); "Relations of the Methodist Episcopal Church to the Cause of Temperance" (ibid. Oct. 1876); "Do the Scriptures Prohibit the Use of Alcoholic Beverages?" ("Bibl. Sacra" July, 1880, see also for the same type of argument, "Meth. Quar. Rev." all numbers, 1882); "A Restatement of the Temperance Problem" ("Univ. Quar." April, 1881); "Is Total Abstinence True Temperance?" ("Pres. Rev." April, 1882); "Christian Citizenship with Reference to the Liquor Traffic" ("Christian Quar. Rev." April, 1882); "Methodism and the Temperance Reformation" (1882) by Rev. Henry Wheeler; "Prohibition and Temperance" ("Quar. Rev. M. E. Church South," April, 1883); "The Liquor Problem in All Ages" by Daniel Dorchester 1884—a good book bringing the subject to date of composition, and confined almost exclusively to America); "Some Plain Words on Prohibition" ("The New Princ. Rev." Sept. 1887); "What More Can be Done by Law on the Cause of Temperance?" ("Andover Rev." June, 1889); "A Scheme of the Devil" ("Quar. Rev. U. B. in Christ" Oct. 1890—criticizes high license. See also Jan. 1895); "The Duties of Church Members in the Temperance Reform" ("Our Day" June, 1893); "Immoral Use and Sale of Intoxicants" ("Cath. World," Oct. 1894).

The rise of our larger cities has awakened the churches to their distinctive religious and moral problems. These are discussed as under: "City Missions" ("Christian Review" Oct. 1854—note bibliography); "New York City a Field For Church Work" ("Amer. Quar. Ch. Rev." July, 1864); "Our Work in Cities—the Chicago Church" ("Freewill Baptist Quar." Jan. 1867); "The Pauperism of our Cities, its Character, Condition, Causes and Relief" ("Pres. Quar. and Princ. Rev." April, 1874); "Our Home Mission Work in Cities" ("Quar. Rev. Ev. Luth. Ch." Oct. 1876); "City Methodism" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." Jan. 1878); "Modern Cities and their Religious Problems" (1886) by S. L. Loomis; "City Evangelization" ("Meth. Rev." March, 1887, also Sept. 1888); "The Problem of the Modern City Church" ("Andover Rev." Dec. 1889); "City Missions and Social Problems" ("Meth. Rev." March, 1893); "The Church and the City" (ibid. Jan. 1894—valuable for relative strength of Protestant and Catholic work in the cities); "Redemption of the Slums" (ibid. March, 1895); "The Twentieth Century City" (n.d.) by Josiah Strong; "The Church in the City" (1915) by F. D. Leete.

The Chinese problem was first seriously approached by Rev. O. Gibson, A.M. in "The Chinese in America" (1877). An informing article with bibliography is "Some Phases of the Chinese Problem" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." April, 1878). An earlier contribution is "The Chinese Problem" ("Evang. Quar. Rev." Jan. 1870).

The secularization of the Sabbath has been discussed as follows: "Rational Sunday Observance" ("N. Amer. Rev." Dec. 1880); "The Teaching of our Lord Regarding the Sabbath, and Its Bearing on Christian Work" ("Pres. Rev." Jan. 1883); "The Sabbath for Man . . . " (1885) by Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts; "The Sunday Question" ("New Princ. Rev." July, 1886); "Our Rest Day, Its Origin, History, and Claims, With Special Reference to Present Day Needs" (1890) by Thomas Hamilton, D.D.; "Man’s Inheritance in the Sabbath" ("Christian Thought" Oct. 1890). See also "Proc. Baptist Congress" Years 1886 & 1889.

The increasing appreciation of the value of the Sunday-school, and of religious education among the young, is a subject around which an extensive bibliography centers—"The History of Sunday Schools and of Religious Education from the Earliest Times" (1847) by Lewis G. Pray; "Forty Years Experience in Sunday Schools" (1860) by Stephen H. Tyng, D.D.; "Sabbath Schools, Their Origin and Progress" ("Unit. Pres. Quar. Rev." Oct. 1861); "The Sunday School" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." April, 1869); "The Growth of the Sunday School Idea in the Methodist Episcopal Church" (ibid. July, 1871); "Sunday Schools and their Importance in Missionary Work" ("Theol. Medium" Jan. 1873); "Sunday Schools and their Importance in Missionary Work" ("Christian Quar." Jan. 1873); "The Sunday School Movement in its Relation to the Cause of Educational Religion" ("Merc’burg Rev." Jan. 1873); "The Sunday School in its Relation to the Church" (ibid. July, 1873); "The Sunday School, Its Past and Present" ("Pres. Quar. and Princ. Rev." July, 1873); "The Training of the Young of the Church" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." Oct. 1873); "The Religious Education of Children" ("Christian Quar." April, 1875); "Our Sunday School Literature" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." April, 1876); "Is the Modern Sunday School Method a Success?" (ibid. April, 1876); "The Care of the Young of the Church" ("Quar. Rev. Ev. Luth. Ch." July, 1876); "The Scope of Effective Sunday School Instruction" ("Bapt. Quar." Oct. 1877); "Thorough Personal Preparation in Sunday School Work" ("New Englander" Sept. 1878); "Shall the Church Rely on Revivalism or on Christian Nurture?" (ibid. Nov. 1879); "The Church School and its Officers" (1886), "The Modern Sunday School" (1887), and "The Church School and Normal Guide" (1889) all by Rev. J. H. Vincent; "The American Sunday School" ("Pres. Rev." April, 1889); "Should the General Convention Set Forth A Course of Study for the Sunday School?" ("Church Rev." Oct. 1899); "The Sabbath School as a Factor in Religious Training" ("Quar. Rev. Evang. Luth. Ch." April, 1890); "The Modern Sunday School" ("Meth. Rev." Jan. 1891); "The Sunday School, Its Place and its Purpose in the Church" ("Quar. Rev. M. E. Ch. South" Jan. 1893); "The Sabbath School Movement of Today" ("Pres. and Ref. Rev." April, 1894); "The Religion of Childhood" ("Meth. Rev." July, 1900).

From the extensive historical and scientific literature of the last twenty years, the following is selected as the most significant: "The Training of Children in Religion" (1901) by G. Hodges; "Sunday School Movements in America" (1901) by M. C. Brown; "Modern Methods in Sunday School Work," (1903) by G. W. Mead; "The Pedagogical Bible School" (1903) by S. B. Haslett; "Principles and Ideals for the Sunday School" (1903) by E. D. Burton; "The Childs Religious Life (1903) by W. G. Koons; "The Sunday School in the Development of the American Church" (1904) by O. S. Michael; "The Evolution of the Sunday School", (1911) by H. F. Cope; "Efficiency in the Sunday School" (1912) by the same author: "The Minister and the Boy" (1912) by Allan Hoben; "The Boy and the Sunday School . . . " (1913) by J. L. Alexander; "Worship in the Sunday School" (1913) by H. Hartshorne; "The Religious Development of the Child" (1913) by R. W. Weaver; "The Sunday School under Scientific Management" (1914) by E. J. Denner; The Church School (1914) by W. S. Athearn; "Graded Social Service for the Sunday School" (1914) by N. S. Hutchins; "The Sunday-School Building and its Equipment" (1914) by H. F. Evans; "Religious Education in the Family" (1915) by H. F. Cope; "How to conduct a Sunday School" (1915) by M. Lawrence; "Character through Recreation" (1915) by H. P. Young; "Recreation and the Church" (1917) by H. W. Gates; "The Boy Scout Movement Applied by the Church" (1915) by Richardson and Loomis; "The Church and the People’s Play" (1915) by H. A. Atkinson; "The Modern Sunday School and its Present Day Task" (1916) by H. F. Cope; "Religious Training in the School, and Home" (1917) by Sneath, Hodges and Tweedy; "A Social Theory of Religious Education" (1917) by G. A. Coe; "Christian Nurture" (1917) by H. Bushnell; "The Sunday School Movement 1780–1917, and the American Sunday School Union . . . " (1917) by E. W. Rice; "Religious Education in the Church" (1918) by H. F. Cope. "The Sunday School and the Teens" and "The Teens and the Rural Sunday School" edited (1913–14) by J. L. Alexander discusses the problems of adolescence. The Reports of the Religious Educational Association are rich in scientific material. "Religious Education" the magazine of this Association contains much relating to principles and methods of religious education.

On revivalism there is the following: "Revivals" ("Evang.Quar. Rev." April, 1868); "The Influence of Revivals on the State of Religion" (ibid. Jan. 1870); "Revivals of Religion—How to Make them Productive of Permanent Good" ("New Englander" Jan. 1874); "Modern Revivalism," also "Evangelists, Their Office and Work" ("Christ. Quar." Jan. 1876); "Revivals and the Ordinary Working Conditions of the Churches" ("Congr. Quar." Jan. 1876); "The Revivals of the Century" ("Pres. Quar. and Princ. Rev." Oct. 1876); "Strictures on Revivals of Religion" ("Bibl. Sacra" April, 1877); "Recent Evangelistic Movements" ("New Englander" Jan. 1879); "Do We Need an Ethical Revival?" (ibid. Sept. 1880); "The Coming Revival, Its Characteristics," also "Signs of Its Coming" ("Homil. Rev." Jan. and Feb. 1897).

On Moody’s work, there is "The American Evangelists, D.L. Moody and Ira L. Sankey, in Great Britain and Ireland" (1875) by John Hall; "D. L. Moody and his Work" (1875) by Rev. W. H. Daniels; "The Life of Dwight L. Moody" (1900) by William R. Moody. "The Moody Revival of the Seventies" (A.M. Dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1915) by V. F. Schwalm is a satisfactory treatment which contains an exhaustive bibliography, including newspaper material.

In connection with Young People’s work, there is "Young People’s Christian Societies" ("Quar. Rev. U.B. in Christ" July, 1890); "The Christian Endeavor Movement" ("Pres. Quar." April, 1891); "Opportunities and Perils of the Epworth League" ("Meth. Rev." May, 1894); "Young People’s Societies and Our Church" ("Pres. Quar." July, 1895); "Christian Endeavor and the General Assembly" ("Pres. and Ref. Rev." Oct. 1896) and a "History of the Baptist Young Peoples Union of America (1913) by J. W. Conley. A doctoral dissertation by Rev. F. O. Erb entitled "Development of the Young People’s Movement" (Univ. of Chicago, 1916) gives an exhaustive survey of the rise of the various young people’s organizations. A good bibliography is appended.

The emergence of women into the public activities of the church has a literature as follows: "Woman’s Place in Religious Meetings" ("Congr. Rev." Jan. 1868); "Silence of Women in the Churches" (ibid.); "Woman’s Place in Assemblies for Public Worship" ("Pres. Quar. and Princ. Rev." Jan. 1873); "Women in the Church" ("Quar. Rev. Evang. Luth. Ch." April, 1874); "May a Woman Speak in a Promiscuous Religious Assembly?" ("Congr. Quar." April, 1874); "Woman’s Right to Public Forms of Usefulness in the Church" ("New Englander" April, 1877); "Silence of Women in the Churches" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." April, 1878—see also appended bibliography); "Women Keeping Silence in Churches" ("Bibl. Sacra" Jan. 1878); "Women and Missions" ("Meth. Rev." Sept. 1886—good for early history of Women’s Boards); "Woman’s Position and Work in the Church" ("Pres. Rev." April, 1889); "Woman’s Work in the Modern Church" ("Christian Thought" Oct. 1890). See also literature dealing with women’s right to representation in the Methodist Conferences, p. 629.

Efficiency in church work is discussed in "Characteristics of an Efficient Church" ("Freewill Bapt. Quar." Jan. 1864); "Organization for Efficient Work" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." Oct. 1873); "The Problem of our Church Benevolences" (ibid. Jan. 1882 and April, 1883—valuable); "The Church’s Future" ("Luth. Quar. Rev." July, 1882); "How to Develope and Direct the Benevolences of the Church" (ibid. Jan. 1883); "Religious Problem of the Country Town" ("Andover Rev." 1885, several papers in successive numbers); "The Ideal Church" ("The Forum" April, 1886); "Methods of Church Work, Religious, Social, and Financial" (1887) by Rev. Sylvanus Stall; "The Problem of a Second Service on Sunday" ("Andover Rev." March, 1889); "The Country Church" ("Bibl. Sacra" April, 1890); "Country Missions" ("Pres. and Ref. Rev." Oct. 1891); "Modern Methods in Church Work. The Gospel Renaissance" (1897, later ed. 1901) by Rev. Geo. W. Mead; "The Sunday Night Service" (1902) by Wm. F. Sheridan; "Training the Church of the Future" (1902 Auburn Seminary Lectures,) by Francis E. Clark; "Missionary Reorganization" ("Meth. Rev." March, 1905); "What our Country Churches Need" (ibid. July, 1907); "Country Life and the Country School" (1912) by Mabel Carney; "Shall Churches Increase their Efficiency by Scientific Methods?" ("Amer. Jour. Theol." Jan. 1915); "Vocational Efficiency and the Theological Curriculum" (ibid. April, 1915); "Practical Theology and Ministerial Efficiency" (ibid. July, 1915); "Systematic Theology and Ministerial Efficiency" (ibid. Oct. 1915); "The Contribution of Critical Scholarship to Ministerial Efficiency" (ibid. Jan. 1916).

The question of the Bible in the schools is treated in the following: "The Church and the School" ("Merc’burg Rev." Jan. 1869); "The Bible in the Common Schools" (ibid. Jan. 1870; see also "Theological Medium" Jan. 1870); "Romanism and the Common Schools" ("Meth. Quar." Rev. April, 1870); "Recent Publications on the School Question" ("Bibl. Rep. and Princ. Rev." April, 1870); "The Bible in the Public Schools" ("Christian Quar." April, 1870); "The Bible and the State" ("Baptist Quar." July, 1871); "What Does the Bible Represent in the American Common Schools" ("Univ. Quar." July, 1874); "Shall we Retain the Bible in our Common Schools?" (ibid. April, 1877); "Shall State Education be Exclusively Secular?" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." April, 1880); "The Church, the State and the School" ("N. Amer. Rev." Sept. 1881); "Are Our Public Schools Godless?" ("Pres. Rev." Jan. 1889); "Public Instruction in Religion" ("Andover Rev." Jan. 1889); "Perils of the Public Schools" ("Our Day" Feb. 1889); "Religious Instruction in the Public Schools" ("Andover Rev." June, 1889); "The Bible and the Public Schools" ("Bibl. Sacra" July, 1889); "Romanism Versus the Public School System" (1889) by Daniel Dorchester; "The Great Conspiracy against our American Public Schools" (1891, addresses) by Rev. R. Harcourt; "Romanism and the Public Schools" ("Pres. Quar. South" Oct. 1892); "The Roman Catholic Church and the Public Schools" ("Quar. Rev. U. B. in Christ" June, 1893). See also Papers and Discussions in "Proc. Baptist Congress," Years 1886 & 1906.

For Roman Catholic literature of the subject see page 447.

The following articles reflect Protestant reactions upon events at Rome: "Romanism in the United States" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." Oct. 1868); "The Secret of Roman Catholic Success" ("Christian Quar." Jan. 1869); "The Temporal Power of the Pope" ("Bibl. Repert. and Princ. Rev." Jan. 1871); "Papal Infallibility" ("Quar. Rev. Evang. Luth. Ch." Oct. 1871); "Papal Infallibility" ("Bapt. Quar." Jan. 1874); "The Roman Question," "First Dogmatic Decree on the Church of Christ, published in the Fourth Session of the Holy Ecumenical Council of the Vatican," and "The Old Catholic Movement" ("Merc’burg Rev." April, 1873); "Leo XIII and the Social Question" ("N. Amer. Rev." Aug. 1895); "Phases in the Pontificate of Leo XIII" ("Meth. Rev." Nov. 1895); "Pope Leo XIII on the Validity of Anglican Orders" ("Pres. Quar." July, 1897); "Romanism in the United States; The Proper Attitude Toward It." ("Quar. Rev. U. B. in Christ" Jan. 1894).

For the Briggs Case, the "Minutes of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church" will be found rich in documentary material, especcially for the year 1893. "The Case Against Professor Briggs" (1893) by Charles Augustus Briggs has the documents—three parts under separate covers. "The Trial of Dr. Briggs before the General Assembly. A Calm Review of the Case by a Stranger who attended all the Sessions of the Court" (1893) is respectful but critical. The article, "The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America" in the "Presbyterian and Reformed Review" (July, 1893) has a good review of the situation. "Another Decade in the History of the Union Theological Seminary" (1889) by G. L. Prentiss reviews some aspects of this conflict (see Part II). The "Andover Review" Nov. 1891, has a report of the Committee that prosecuted Professor Briggs. The following articles should also be consulted: "The Relation of the Church to Modern Scientific Thought" ("Andover Rev." July, 1891); "The Higher Criticism" ("Luth. Quar" July, 1893). The Briggs literature is cited in the "Methodist Review" Sept. 1891, p. 838.

Especially valuable as a condensed statement of the more recent phases of the Union Seminary issue is the "Report" of the Committee of the General Assembly on Union Theological Seminary, submitted May 25, 1915 (see "Minutes of the General Assembly . . ." New Series Vol. XV, pp. 129–167).

The earlier heresy case of David Swing is exhaustingly set forth in "The Trial of the Rev. David Swing" (1874) edited by a Committee of the Presbytery.

"The Andover Case" is treated in the following: "The American Board and the Late Boston Council" ("New England and Yale Rev." Dec. 1888); "The American Board at Springfield" (ibid. Dec. 1889); "Is it Domination or Dependence?" ("Andover Rev." Nov. 1889); "The American Board and Recent Discussions" ("Bibl. Sacra" April, 1890); "Boston Monday Lectures" ("Our Day" March, 1890). Documentary material on this controversy is accessible in the "Annual Reports" of the A.B.C.F.M. The background may be mastered by consulting many articles bearing upon the issue of the New Theology that appeared in the leading periodicals during the decade preceding this case.

The World Parliament of Religions is reported by Rev. John Henry Barrows in "The World’s Parliament of Religions" (II Vols. 1893), and W. R. Houghton (editor-in-chief) in "The Parliament of Religions and Religious Congresses at the World’s Columbian Exposition" (1893). Articles appear in the "Missionary Review of the World" Dec. 1894 and the "Methodist Review" Jan. 1894.

The Student Volunteer Movement is treated in "The Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Student Volunteer Movement" (1911, addresses). The "Reports" of the International Conventions (1891 and quadrennially since 1894) with their historical addresses and bibliographical apparatus constitute a substantial library for the student of present-day missions. "Reports of the Conferences of Foreign Mission Boards . . . " are valuable, also the "Report" of the Ecumenical Missionary Conference in New York, 1900.

In connection with Christian Science, one needs to begin with the works of Mrs. Eddy: "Christian Healing" (1896); "Church Healing and the People’s Idea of God" (1909); "Christian Science vs. Pantheism and Other Messages to the Mother Church" (1909); "A Complete Concordance to Science and Health, with Key to the Scriptures" (1911); "Miscellaneous Writings, 1883–1896" (1910). "The Life of Mary Baker Eddy" has been set forth (1907) by Sibyl Wilbur. "The Christian Science Journal" (1882 f.) has scattered items of historical value. Two brief polemical studies are "A Short Method with Christian Science" (1902) by Albert G. Lawson, and "The Christian Science Cult" (1902) by J. J. Taylor. The following will be found of value: "Christian Science and the New Church" ("New Jerus. Mag." March, 1889); "Christian Science or Mind Cure" ("Pres. and Ref. Rev." Jan. 1890); "Faith Healing, Christian Science, and Kindred Phenomena" (1892) by Rev. J. M. Buckley; "Facts and Fallacies of Christian Science" (1894) by Rev. A. W. Patten; "Christian Science" ("New Church Rev." Jan. 1896); "Christian Science and Its Problem" (1898) by J. H. Bates; "Christian Science—The Truths of Spiritual Healing and their Contribution to the Growth of Orthodoxy" (1898) by R. H. Newton; "Christian Science Examined" (1899) by Henry Varley; "The Absurd Paradox of Christian Science" ("N. Amer. Rev." July, 1901); "The Religious Significance of the Psycho-Therapeutic Movement" ("Amer. Jour. Theol." Oct. 1910).

The Dowie movement is canvassed in "John Alexander Dowie and the Christian Catholic Church in Zion" (1906) by Rolvix Harlan, with an introductory preface by Franklin Johnson.

One of the most important movements connected with recent American Christianity, has been Church Union and Federation: "Denominationalism not Sectarianism" ("Amer. Theol. Rev." May, 1860); "Ecclesiastical Organizations and Foreign Missions" ("Amer. Pres. Theol. Rev." Oct. 1864); "The Union of Christians—How can it be Accomplished?" also "The Union Movement, What will Come of it" (both in "Christian Quar." Jan. 1869); "Church Union" ("Merc’burg Rev." July, 1869); "Union in the Lutheran Church" ("Evang. Quar. Rev." April, 1871); "Disciples and Baptists—Will they Unite?" ("Christian Quar." July, 1871); "The Basis of Christian Union" (ibid. April, 1873); "The Unity of the Church" and "The Relations of the Church of England to the Other Protestant Churches" ("New Englander" Jan. 1874); "The Organic Unity of the Church" ("Pres. Quar. and Princ. Rev." Oct. 1876); "The True Grounds of Christian Union" ("Bapt. Quar." July, 1873); "The Organic Reunion of Churches" ("Bibl. Sacra" April, 1878); "Pan-Presbyterian Council" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." Jan. 1881); "Organic Union—Disruption and Fraternity" ("Quar. Rev. M. E. Ch. South" Oct. 1881); "Fraternity, Another View" (ibid. Jan. 1882); "American Lutherans and Their Divisions" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." July, 1882); "The American Congress of Churches" (Proceedings of the Cleveland Meeting, published under the direction of the Executive Committee, 1886); "Church Unity"—Lectures delivered in Union Theological Seminary, winter of 1896, by C. W. Shields, E. B. Andrews, J. F. Hurst, H. C. Potter, and A. H. Bradford; "Is Christian Union to be Organized?" ("Andover Rev." July, 1886); "Cooperation in Foreign Missions" ("Pres. Rev." July, 1887); "Obstacles to Christian Unity" ("Church Rev." Nov. 1887); "Church Union and Anglican Ordination" ("Meth. Quar. Rev." Jan. 1888); "Is Protestant Unity Possible?" ("Andover Rev." March, 1888); "Christian Unity and the Historic Episcopate" ("Pres. Rev." July, 1888); "Unity Better than Union" ("Southern Meth. Rev." Nov. 1888); "Scheme for Church Reunion" ("New Princ. Rev." Nov. 1888); "The Historic Episcopate" ("Quar. Rev. Evang. Luth. Ch." July, 1890, and Jan. 1891); "The Union for which Jesus Prays" ("Pres. Quar." Jan. 1891); "The Peace of the Church, A Review" ("Unit. Rev." Sept. 1891); "The Peace of the Church" (1892) by Wm. R. Huntington; "A Suppressed Chapter of Recent Church History" ("Meth. Rev." July, 1893); "The Lambeth Ultimatum" ("Pres. Quar." Oct. 1894); "The Historic Episcopate; an Essay on the Four Articles of Church Unity, Proposed by the American House of Bishops and the Lambeth Conference" (n.d.) by Rev. C. W. Shields; "The Question of Unity" (1894) edited by A. H. Bradford, D.D.; "The Historic Episcopate, A Story of Anglican Claims and Methodist Orders" (1897) by R. J. Cooke, D.D.; "Christian Unity, or the Kingdom of Heaven" by Thomas Davidson ("Papers, Amer. Soc. Ch. Hist." Vol. IV, pp. 55–78); "Should the Denominational Distinctions of Christian Lands be Perpetuated on Mission Fields?" ("Amer. Jour. Theol." April, 1907); "The Inter-Church Conference on Federation" ("Meth. Rev." Sept. 1905;) Papers and Discussions in "Proc. Baptist Congress" Years 1887, 1890, 1907, 1908, 1911; "Church Federation Proceedings of the Inter-Church Conference . . . Mar. 15–21, 1905" edited (1906) by Elias B. Sanford, D.D.; "The Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America. Report of the First Quadrennial Session . . . 1908" (1909) edited by E. B. Sanford; "Christian Reunion; A Plan for the Restoration of the Ecclesia of God" (1909) by Frank Spence; "Church Unity" (1909) by C. A. Briggs; "Christian Unity at Work. Reports and Addresses of the Convention of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America" (1912) edited by C. S. MacFarland; "The Message of the Disciples of Christ for the Union of the Church" (1913) by Peter Ainslee; "The New Interde-nominationalism" ("Amer. Jour. Theol." Oct. 1916). "The Churches of the Federal Council" (1916) by C. S. MacFarland; "Origin and History of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America" (1916) by E. B. Sanford; "The Library of Christian Cooperation. Proceedings and Reports of the Federal Council for the Quadrennium 1913–1916" (VI Vols. 1917) edited by C. S. MacFarland.

Interpretative of all the movements of the last half century are two scholarly historical addresses: "The Progress of Theological Thought during the Past Fifty Years" by Arther C. McGiffert, ("Amer. Jour Theol." July, 1916), and "Religious Advance in Fifty Years" by William H. P. Faunce (ibid.).