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Africa
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Historical SummaryAfrican tribes differ from other native populations in the degree to which the local groups have been conquered by invaders. In some regions these were pastoral Hamites and Semites and in others neighboring negro conquerors. For the most part the rulers are therefore not representatives of the local families. Torday comments on the thesis developed by Spannaus that the formation of great states in Africa was not due to the expansion of the local groups but was in every case the consequence of conquest:
Nobody acquainted with the history of Africa will contest this, but when he attributes to the pastoral people the principal role in this political upheaval, he is on more debatable ground. As far as North-Central and Eastern Africa are concerned he is fully justified. This, however, is not the case in South, Central, and a great part of West Africa. The foundation of the Zande and Manbetu empires by Sudanic peoples may, indirectly at any rate, owe something to Lybian influences, and even Bushongo and the empire of "the Great Makoko" may derive their existence from movements started farther north by pastoral peoples (the word being used in the most elastic sense); but there is only the flimsiest evidence, which will scarcely bear scrutiny, as far as Monomotapa is concerned. The empires of the South due to the upheaval caused by Chaka’s exploits, the kingdoms of Congo, of Lunda, of Kazembe, of the Barotse, and so on, were all founded by pure negro conquerors.1
1Torday, E.n/an/an/an/an/a, , 4: 359 (Review of Spannaus, Züge aus der Politischen Organization Afrikanischer Völker und Staaten).
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Chicago: "Africa," Africa in Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, ed. Thomas, William I. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937), Original Sources, accessed May 9, 2025, http://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=S3UFS5V3DIN1QD2.
MLA: . "Africa." Africa, Vol. 4, in Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, edited by Thomas, William I., New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937, Original Sources. 9 May. 2025. http://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=S3UFS5V3DIN1QD2.
Harvard: , 'Africa' in Africa. cited in 1937, Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, ed. , McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. Original Sources, retrieved 9 May 2025, from http://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=S3UFS5V3DIN1QD2.
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